What is aggregation? How is it related to composition? Explain role of abstract class in system design with the help of example.

Guided and unguided transmission media are two fundamental categories of transmission mediums used in data communication and computer networks. These mediums form the physical pathways through which data travels from one device to another. The distinction between the two lies primarily in whether the transmission of data signals is confined to a specific pathway or not.

### Guided Transmission Media

Guided transmission media refers to physical media in which the data signals are confined to a specific path or medium. These paths are usually in the form of wires or cables. In guided media, electromagnetic signals travel along a solid medium. This medium guides the signals and restricts their direction, which helps reduce signal loss and external interference.

Guided media are commonly used in local area networks (LANs), telephone networks, and cable television networks. There are three major types of guided transmission media: twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber-optic cables.

#### 1. Twisted Pair Cable
Twisted pair cable is one of the most widely used forms of guided media. It consists of two insulated copper wires twisted together to reduce electromagnetic interference from external sources and crosstalk from neighboring pairs.

There are two types of twisted pair cables:
- Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP): Commonly used in LANs and telephone networks. It is inexpensive and easy to install but offers limited protection against electromagnetic interference.
- Shielded Twisted Pair (STP): Contains a shielding layer to reduce interference and is more expensive than UTP. It is used in environments with higher electromagnetic interference.

Advantages of twisted pair cable:
- Cost-effective
- Easy to install and maintain
- Suitable for short to medium-distance transmission

Disadvantages:
- Limited bandwidth compared to other media
- Susceptible to interference (especially UTP)
- Signal attenuation over long distances

#### 2. Coaxial Cable
Coaxial cable has a central core conductor made of copper, surrounded by an insulating layer, a metallic shield, and an outer insulating layer. This structure provides better shielding and higher ______ ______ ______ ________ ________ ____ _____ _______ __________.
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