What is a sensor? How do you classify sensors? Discuss various sensor applications in Smart Cities.

A sensor is a device that detects and responds to physical or environmental changes. It converts a physical phenomenon, such as temperature, pressure, light, or motion, into a signal that can be interpreted by an electronic system. Sensors play a pivotal role in the functioning of modern smart technologies, both hardware and software, by enabling devices and systems to collect data and interact with the environment. These sensors work by detecting specific changes in physical properties, converting them into electrical signals, and transmitting this data to a processing unit for analysis or action. 

Sensors can be broadly classified into two main categories: analog sensors and digital sensors. Analog sensors produce continuous output signals that are directly proportional to the physical quantity being measured, such as a thermistor that measures temperature. Digital sensors, on the other hand, convert physical measurements into discrete digital signals, making them ____ ______ _________ _______ _______ ______ _________ _______ _______.
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