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Sustainable development refers to a pattern of development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The concept emerged prominently in the Brundtland Commission Report (1987) and has since become central to environmental economics and policy discourse. It integrates three interdependent dimensions—economic growth, social equity, and environmental protection—often described as the three pillars of sustainability. The idea recognizes that unchecked economic expansion can degrade natural resources, leading to long-term ecological imbalance and social inequality, thereby undermining future welfare. In environmental economics, sustainable development is understood as the efficient and equitable allocation of resources over time, ensuring that the stock of natural capital—such as forests, water, soil, and biodiversity—is not depleted beyond its regenerative capacity. The concept emphasizes intergenerational equity, which implies that present generations _______ ___ _________ _____ _______ __________ ____ _____.
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