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Displacement of the tribals refers to the forced or involuntary removal of tribal communities from their ancestral lands and habitats due to developmental projects, industrial expansion, mining, large-scale agriculture, conservation policies, or armed conflicts. For tribal societies, land is not just a means of livelihood but a source of cultural identity, spiritual belonging, and social organization. Therefore, displacement does not only imply physical relocation but also the disruption of their social fabric, traditions, and economic sustenance. In India, particularly in the North and Northeast regions, tribal communities have historically inhabited forests, hilly terrains, and river valleys. These regions are rich in natural resources, and consequently, tribal lands have become sites of intense competition between state-led development agendas, corporate interests, and conservationist initiatives. The displacement of tribals has become a significant socio-political and cultural issue that threatens their survival and undermines their rights. The North and Northeast regions of India are home to a large concentration of Scheduled Tribes. In states like Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Meghalaya, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, and parts of North Bengal, tribal groups form a majority or a significant proportion of the population. Similarly, in the hill districts of northern India, such as Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh, tribal communities like Bhotiyas, Tharus, and Gaddis inhabit ecologically fragile zones. These groups traditionally sustain themselves through shifting cultivation, forest-based subsistence, pastoralism, and small-scale agriculture. For them, land is tied to sacred groves, burial grounds, ancestral memories, and customary laws of ownership. Displacement occurs when these lands are acquired for purposes such as the construction of hydroelectric ____ _________ ______ _____ _______ _____ __________ _______ ____ ____.
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