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The Socratic dictum “Virtue is knowledge” expresses a central idea in the moral philosophy of Socrates, as presented mainly through the dialogues of Plato. By this statement, Socrates meant that moral virtue is fundamentally a form of knowledge, and that all wrongdoing arises from ignorance rather than from a deliberate choice of evil. For Socrates, human beings naturally desire what is good and beneficial for them, and if they truly know what is good, they will necessarily act in accordance with that knowledge. Thus, ethical failure is not a result of weakness of will but of a lack of genuine understanding. Socrates challenged the traditional Greek view that virtue consisted merely in following social customs or obeying established norms. Instead, he argued that virtue must be grounded in rational ______ _____ ______ ____ ________ ________ ________ _____ _________.
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