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The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistical tool created by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to measure and rank countries based on their level of human development rather than simply their economic performance. It was first introduced in 1990 in the Human Development Report by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and Indian Nobel laureate Amartya Sen. The idea behind HDI was to shift the focus from mere economic growth, typically measured through Gross Domestic Product (GDP), to a broader evaluation of human well-being. Development, from this perspective, is not only about raising incomes but also about expanding people’s choices, opportunities, and capabilities. The HDI is built on three essential dimensions: a long and healthy life, access to knowledge, and a decent standard of living. These dimensions are operationalized through indicators such as life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, and Gross National Income (GNI) per capita adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP). Each of these elements reflects a core aspect of human development, and together they provide a multidimensional view of progress. A country may be economically rich but still rank low on the HDI if it performs poorly in health and education. Conversely, some countries with modest incomes may score relatively high due to strong achievements in education and healthcare. Human development goes beyond HDI’s numerical representation, however. It includes many factors—social, cultural, environmental, and political—that collectively shape human well-being. The determinants of human development can be grouped into several categories, each contributing ____ ________ ______ ___ ________ __________ ______ __________.
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