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Adulteration of drugs refers to the act of intentionally or unintentionally contaminating, substituting, or altering pharmaceutical products, resulting in a reduction of quality, efficacy, or safety. In the context of epidemiology and clinical trials, drug adulteration is a critical concern because it can compromise the validity of clinical study outcomes, mislead therapeutic efficacy evaluations, and pose significant public health risks. Adulteration may lead to unpredictable pharmacological effects, adverse drug reactions, or therapeutic failures, which can distort epidemiological data and undermine evidence-based medicine. Regulatory authorities and clinical researchers rely on stringent quality control measures and analytical testing to detect and prevent adulteration to ensure ___ _______ _____ ________ __________ ______.
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