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Shallow foundations are those types of foundations in which the depth of the foundation is generally less than or equal to its width and the load of the structure is transferred to the soil at a relatively shallow depth near the ground surface. They are adopted when the surface soil has sufficient bearing capacity to support the structural loads without excessive settlement. In building construction, shallow foundations are commonly used for light to moderate load structures such as residential buildings, small commercial buildings, and boundary walls. The main principle is to spread the load of the structure over a sufficiently large area so that the pressure on the soil remains within safe limits. Shallow foundations are preferred when the competent soil layer is available at a small depth, and when deep excavation is not economical or necessary. They are simpler in design, easier to construct, ___ _____ _____ _____ _____ __________ ____ ___ _________ __________.
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