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The presumption of innocence is a fundamental legal principle in criminal justice which asserts that every individual accused of a crime is considered innocent until proven guilty. It places the burden of proof on the prosecution and ensures that no one is punished without proper evidence and a fair trial. In the context of social work and criminal justice, this principle is deeply tied to human rights, fairness, and ethical responsibility. It serves as a safeguard against arbitrary state power, wrongful convictions, and miscarriages of justice. ### Meaning and Legal Basis The presumption of innocence is enshrined in various international legal frameworks. Article 11(1) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) states that “Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law.” Similarly, Article 14(2) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) reaffirms this notion. In India, though not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution, this principle is upheld through judicial interpretations under Articles 20 and 21 which guarantee protection in respect of conviction and personal liberty, respectively. In practice, this principle means that the accused cannot be treated as a criminal until guilt is established beyond reasonable doubt in a court of law. It applies at all stages of the criminal process—from investigation to trial—and influences procedural norms such as bail, media reporting, and pre-trial detention. ### Relevance in the Criminal Justice System The principle ________ _____ _________ ____ ___ ___ _______.
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