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For an invention to be granted a patent, it must satisfy certain essential criteria that ensure it is worthy of legal protection and contributes meaningfully to technological progress. These criteria are generally recognized across jurisdictions, including under the Indian Patents Act, 1970, and international agreements such as the TRIPS Agreement. The fundamental requirements include novelty, inventive step, industrial applicability, and patentable subject matter, along with adequate disclosure of the invention. Novelty is the first and foremost requirement for patentability. An invention is considered novel if it has not been anticipated by prior art anywhere in the world before the date of filing of the patent application. Prior art includes any information that has been disclosed to the public through written publications, oral presentations, use, or in any other form. Even a single prior disclosure that contains all the essential features of the claimed invention can destroy its novelty. Therefore, the invention must be new in the absolute sense, and it should not form part of the existing body of knowledge. In India, novelty is assessed on a global basis, meaning that any prior disclosure anywhere in the world can affect the patentability of the invention. The second essential criterion is the presence of an inventive step, also known as non-obviousness. An invention involves ______ _______ __________ _______ _____ ____ ________ _____ _____ _______.
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