What cannot be patented ? Discuss.

When discussing patents, it is crucial to understand not only what can be patented but also what cannot. Patents provide legal protection for inventions, granting the inventor exclusive rights to use, sell, or license the invention for a specific period. However, not all innovations or discoveries qualify for patent protection. Various criteria and exclusions determine what cannot be patented, depending on the laws and regulations of individual jurisdictions.

General Principles of Exclusion

1. Lack of Novelty, Inventiveness, and Industrial Applicability
   An invention must meet three essential criteria to qualify for patent protection: it must be new (novel), involve an inventive step (non-obvious), and be capable of industrial application (useful). If any of these criteria are not met, the invention cannot be patented. For example:

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