What are variables? Give classification and explain them in detail.

Variables are characteristics, properties, or attributes that can take on different values or categories in research studies. In research methods and biostatistics, variables are essential as they help in collecting data, testing hypotheses, and drawing conclusions. Variables can be classified into different types based on their characteristics, nature, and measurement scale.

1. Independent and Dependent Variables:
   - Independent Variable (IV): This is the variable that is manipulated or controlled by the researcher to observe its effect on the dependent variable. It is the cause in a cause-and-effect relationship. For example, in a drug efficacy study, the dosage of ______ ________ _________ ______ _____ __________ ______ ________ _________ _________.
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