What are the various problems of departmental approach as in Pakistan’s development? Give any two important features of the Agha Khan Rural Support Programme (AKRSP).

In Pakistan, the departmental approach to development has been a dominant framework for addressing socio-economic challenges. However, this approach has faced several problems that have hindered its effectiveness, especially in rural areas where the majority of the population resides. The departmental approach, primarily characterized by top-down management and implementation by government departments, tends to create barriers to the active participation of local communities. One of the primary issues is the lack of local ownership. Development projects are often planned and executed without the consultation of local people, which leads to a disconnect between the project’s goals and the community’s needs. This top-down approach is also rigid, with little room for flexibility or adjustment based on the ______ _______ ____ ____ _________ _______ __________ _______ _________ _________ _______.
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