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Integrated solid waste management is based on a comprehensive framework that aims to handle solid waste in an environmentally sound, economically viable, and socially acceptable manner. Its principles emphasize prevention, resource recovery, and safe disposal, addressing every stage of a product’s life cycle and minimizing the burden on the environment. A key principle is waste hierarchy, which prioritizes actions in a sequence: prevention, reduction, reuse, recycling, recovery, treatment, and final disposal. This hierarchy ensures that efforts are first directed toward reducing waste generation, then toward maximizing resource recovery, and lastly to environmentally secure landfilling for residual waste. Waste minimization at the source is vital, as it reduces the quantity and toxicity of waste before it enters the management system. Designing products with longer life, less packaging, and recyclable content helps achieve this objective. Another principle is segregation at source, which underpins effective recycling and resource recovery. By separating waste into biodegradable, recyclable, hazardous, and inert fractions at the point of generation, contamination is reduced and recycling efficiency is enhanced. Collection and transportation systems must be designed to preserve this segregation, using separate bins, color-coded bags, and compartmentalized vehicles. Encouraging community participation in source segregation is crucial for its success. Resource recovery and recycling form a central pillar of integrated solid waste management. Recovering materials such as paper, plastics, metals, and ___ ___ _____ ________ _______ __________ _______ ____ _____ _____.
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