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India’s female population shows a mix of progress and persistent challenges across key demographic areas such as sex ratios, literacy, workforce participation, rural‑urban divides, and son preference, all of which deeply influence women’s lives and opportunities. In terms of sex ratio, recent National Family Health Survey (NFHS‑5) data indicates that India’s overall sex ratio has improved compared to past decades. According to the latest surveys, India recorded about 1,020 females per 1,000 males at a national level, which marks the highest recorded level in recent history. Rural areas often show higher female to male ratios than urban areas, with figures around 1,037 in rural zones and approximately 985 in urban zones. However, sex ratio at birth continues to remain skewed, with approximately 929 girls per 1,000 boys born in recent years, suggesting ongoing gender biases at early stages of life. Historical data from the 2011 Census showed lower national ratios (around 943 females per 1,000 males), but improvements over time reflect the impacts of legal and social measures against sex‑selective practices. Despite these shifts, data and projections suggest that by 2036 the sex ratio is expected to improve further to around 952 women per __________ _______ _______ ______ ______ __________.
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