What are the different ways to authenticate a web application?

Authentication is a fundamental aspect of securing web applications. It ensures that only authorized users can access certain resources or functionalities. Web applications often use various methods of authentication, each with its own strengths and weaknesses, and the choice of method depends on the application’s requirements, security needs, and user experience considerations. Below are the different ways to authenticate a web application:

### 1. Basic Authentication
Basic authentication is one of the simplest forms of authentication, typically used in small applications or internal systems. In basic authentication, the web browser prompts the user for a username and password, which are then sent in an HTTP request header to the server. This information is encoded in base64, though it is not encrypted, which poses a security risk. It is not considered a secure method on its own, especially when used over HTTP rather than HTTPS. To enhance security, basic authentication should always be used over a secure channel, such as HTTPS, to prevent credentials from being exposed during transmission.

### 2. Digest Authentication
Digest authentication is a more secure version of basic authentication. Instead of sending the username and password directly in the HTTP request, it uses a hashing algorithm (usually MD5) to create a hash of the credentials. The hash, along with other elements like a nonce (a unique number used once), is sent to the server, which compares the received hash with the expected value to authenticate the user. While this method provides a higher level of security compared to basic authentication, it is still vulnerable to certain attacks, such as replay attacks.

### 3. Session-Based Authentication
Session-based authentication is a widely used method in web applications. In this method, after a user logs in with their credentials (username and password), the server creates a session for that user and stores session data, typically in a server-side storage (such as _______ _____ _________ ______ ________ __________.
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