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Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has evolved as a significant concept in business and management studies, reflecting the growing expectation that organizations must go beyond their traditional economic objectives and acknowledge their wider responsibilities to society. CSR refers to the ethical and responsible conduct of organizations toward all stakeholders, including employees, customers, suppliers, communities, and the environment. Over the years, scholars have developed different theories of CSR to explain the rationale, scope, and practice of corporate responsibility. These theories highlight diverse perspectives ranging from profit-centered approaches to broader stakeholder-driven frameworks. Among them, the stakeholder theory occupies a central place, providing a comprehensive understanding of how businesses can balance various interests in society. Different theories of CSR can be broadly classified into four main categories: instrumental, political, integrative, and ethical. These categories, though distinct in focus, collectively reflect the multifaceted nature of corporate responsibility. Instrumental theories emphasize that CSR is a means to achieve economic objectives and competitive advantage. Political theories focus on the power and influence of corporations in society and their duty to use that power responsibly. Integrative theories highlight the idea that companies should integrate social demands into their operations because their survival depends on the approval and legitimacy granted by society. Ethical theories, on the other hand, stress that companies ___ ____ __________ ______ ___ _______ __________.
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