What are the common features of Indian Philosophy?

Indian philosophy is one of the oldest and most profound philosophical traditions in the world. It consists of various schools of thought that explore fundamental questions regarding existence, reality, knowledge, ethics, and liberation (moksha). Despite the diversity among different schools, there are several common features that define Indian philosophy as a whole.  

1. Emphasis on Liberation (Moksha)  
One of the most significant features of Indian philosophy is its focus on liberation (moksha). Almost all schools of Indian philosophy aim to provide a path toward ultimate freedom from suffering, ignorance, and the cycle of birth and death (samsara). While different schools propose different paths—such as knowledge (jnana), devotion (bhakti), or righteous action (karma)—the ultimate goal remains the attainment of a higher state of existence beyond worldly suffering.  

2. Concept of Karma and Rebirth (Samsara)  
The doctrine of karma, which suggests that actions have consequences that determine future experiences, is a fundamental concept in Indian philosophy. Closely related to this is the idea of samsara, the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. Almost all philosophical traditions in India accept the belief that the present life is influenced by past actions, and future lives will be shaped by present deeds. This principle encourages ethical living and moral responsibility.  

3. Authority of Sacred Texts (Shastras)  
Many Indian philosophical traditions consider the Vedas and other sacred texts as sources of ultimate knowledge. Orthodox schools (Astika), such as Vedanta, Nyaya, and Mimamsa, regard the Vedas as authoritative, while heterodox schools (Nastika), such as Buddhism, Jainism, and Charvaka, reject their authority. However, even those that do not accept the Vedas often engage in philosophical inquiry using logical reasoning and analysis of experience.  

4. Interconnection of Philosophy and Religion  
Unlike Western philosophy, which often distinguishes between philosophy and religion, Indian philosophy integrates the two. Many philosophical traditions in India are deeply rooted in religious beliefs _______ _________ _____ _________ ____ ________.
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