What are radiometric errors? Give a detailed account of radiometric image corrections techniques.

Radiometric errors in remote sensing refer to inaccuracies or inconsistencies in the recorded intensity values of pixels within an image. These errors can arise due to various factors, including sensor characteristics, atmospheric effects, and data processing techniques. Understanding and correcting radiometric errors are essential for ensuring the accuracy and reliability of remote sensing data for quantitative analysis and interpretation.

Types of Radiometric Errors:

1. Sensor Calibration Errors: These errors result from inaccuracies in the sensor's response to incoming radiation. Calibration errors can manifest as biases or inconsistencies in the recorded digital numbers (DN) or radiance values. Factors such as sensor drift, nonlinearity, and gain variations can contribute to calibration errors.

2. Atmospheric Effects: Atmospheric scattering and absorption can attenuate or modify the incoming radiation, leading to errors in the recorded radiance values. Factors such as aerosols, water vapor, and gases (e.g., ozone) can affect the transmission of electromagnetic radiation through _______ _________ _____ ______ _______ ____ ____ ____ _______ __________ _______ ____.
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