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Type specimens are reference specimens on which the description and name of a new taxon are based and to which the name is permanently attached under the rules of biological nomenclature. They provide an objective standard for the application of scientific names and are fundamental to taxonomy, systematics, and evolutionary studies. When a species is described, the author designates a particular specimen as the name-bearing type, ensuring stability and __________ _________ ______ ________ ________ _____.
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