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Transdermal drug delivery refers to the administration of therapeutic agents through the skin to achieve systemic effects. It is an advanced route of drug delivery that bypasses the gastrointestinal tract and first-pass metabolism in the liver, enhancing bioavailability and providing more consistent plasma drug levels. The skin, particularly the stratum corneum, acts as a barrier, and effective transdermal systems must overcome this to allow sufficient drug penetration. Transdermal delivery systems are designed to release drugs _______ _______ ___ ___ ____ _________ ______ _____ _____ ________.
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