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India's world-view has evolved over millennia, shaped by its geography, history, philosophical traditions, economic interests, and interactions with other civilizations. From ancient times, the subcontinent’s perspective on the world was deeply intertwined with its religious and philosophical outlook. Early Indian thought, as reflected in the Vedas, Upanishads, and epics like the Mahabharata and Ramayana, emphasized dharma (moral and social order) and artha (material prosperity) as guiding principles. While these texts were primarily inward-looking, focusing on societal harmony, they also acknowledged the existence of distant lands and peoples, reflecting a nascent awareness of the broader world. Indian trade networks, extending from the Indus Valley Civilization to later kingdoms, facilitated contact with Mesopotamia, Persia, and Southeast Asia, shaping early perceptions of international relations and cross-cultural exchanges. During the Mauryan period (circa 321–185 BCE), under the leadership of Ashoka, India’s world-view took a more outward and universalistic dimension. Ashoka’s embrace of Buddhism and his efforts to spread it across Central Asia, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia highlighted an ethical and moral approach to international relations. The idea that governance should be based on dharma was extended beyond the boundaries of the empire, advocating moral principles over mere power politics. This period also reflected India’s awareness of global interconnections, as seen in diplomatic missions and trade routes that reached Hellenistic kingdoms and beyond. The post-Mauryan period, including the Gupta era and the regional kingdoms that followed, reinforced India’s focus on internal consolidation and cultural achievements. Indian mathematicians, astronomers, and scholars like Aryabhata and Varahamihira contributed to knowledge that reached the Islamic world and later Europe, indicating _______ _____ _______ ______ ___ ___ ______.
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