Tocquevill's concept of civil society 

The concept of civil society as distinct from the state emerges only with the disintegrationof feudal societies. The distinction between a political community and the spiritual onecame under sharp focus in the wake of religious strife unleashed by the Reformation thatgave rise to Protestantism breaking the unity of Christianity itself. Thomas Hobbes demonstrates that ecclesiastical power is not a form of rule, command or coercionbut a form of teaching and persuasion. It could not claim power over the state, while onthe contrary only through acts of state can religious doctrines acquire a political status.However, he still identifies political with the civil society. In contrast, Locke, reiteratingAristotle points out that the political community is not an extended family and political ruleis not paternal. Both Hobbes and Locke interchange features of the existing civil societyback into the state of nature in order to demonstrate the natural and rational grounds forestablishing a social contract between the individual and a political authority.The Emergence of the distinction between the political and the socialThe end of the eighteenth and the beginning of nineteenth ________ _____ ______ ______ _________ _______ ____ __________ _____ ___.
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