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The Inkas, more commonly known as the Incas, established one of the greatest civilizations in pre-Columbian America. Their empire, called Tawantinsuyu, meaning "The Land of Four Quarters," stretched along the Andes Mountains from present-day southern Colombia through Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, northern Chile, and northwestern Argentina. Although the empire lasted for less than a century before the arrival of the Spanish in the sixteenth century, it represented an extraordinary achievement in political organization, administration, agriculture, engineering, and social integration. The Inka civilization emerged from earlier Andean cultural traditions and transformed them into a highly centralized imperial system. The Inkas originated as a small tribal group in the Valley of Cuzco in present-day Peru. According to their traditional legends, they were descendants of the Sun God, Inti, and were led by the divine ruler Manco Capac, who founded the city of Cuzco. Although these myths strengthened the legitimacy of the ruling dynasty, archaeological and historical evidence indicates that the Inkas gradually expanded their influence through warfare, alliances, and administrative reforms. The remarkable expansion of the empire began during the reign of Pachacuti Inka Yupanqui in the fifteenth century. He reorganized the kingdom into an empire and laid the foundations for an efficient administrative structure. His successors, especially Topa Inka Yupanqui and Huayna Capac, extended Inka rule over vast territories. The empire was divided into four administrative regions or suyus, namely Chinchaysuyu, Antisuyu, Collasuyu, and Cuntisuyu, all connected to the capital city of Cuzco. These four regions symbolized both geographical and political unity. The _____ __________ __________ ______ ___ ___.
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