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Testing of a questionnaire is a crucial step in informetrics and scientometrics research to ensure the reliability, validity, and effectiveness of the instrument used for data collection. It involves several processes, beginning with the pre-testing or pilot testing phase, where the questionnaire is administered to a small, representative sample of the target population. This helps in identifying ambiguities, difficult wording, and ________ ___ _______ ______ __________ _________ ___.
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