State Stefan-Boltzmann law and Kirchhoff’s law of thermal radiation.

Stefan-Boltzmann Law:
The Stefan-Boltzmann law, named after physicists Josef Stefan and Ludwig Boltzmann, relates the total amount of energy radiated by a perfect black body per unit surface area to its temperature. It is a fundamental law of thermal radiation and is mathematically expressed as:

\[ E = \sigma \cdot A \cdot T^4 \]

Where:
- \( E \) is the total radiated energy per unit time (also called the radiant emittance),
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