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The Sramana tradition refers to a group of non-Vedic religious and philosophical movements that emerged in ancient India around the sixth century BCE. It included Buddhism, Jainism, Ajivika, and other ascetic schools that challenged the authority of the Vedas, Brahmanical rituals, hereditary priesthood, and the caste-based social order. The term *Sramana* means one who strives through discipline, meditation, and ethical living for spiritual liberation. From the perspective ____ ______ _________ _________ ________.
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