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The Poverty Gap Index (PGI) is a key measure used in poverty analysis to assess the intensity of poverty. While the headcount ratio only indicates the proportion of the population below the poverty line, the PGI provides information about how far, on average, the poor are from the poverty line. This helps policymakers understand not just how many people are poor, but how poor they are. Mathematically, the PGI is calculated as the mean shortfall of the total ___ _______ _____ _____ ___ ___ __________ _______ ______ _____.
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