On what grounds Buddhism distinguished between universal and particular?

Buddhism distinguishes between the universal and the particular primarily through its understanding of the nature of reality, particularly through the concepts of *emptiness* (Śūnyatā) and *dependent origination* (Pratītyasamutpāda). These two core principles underpin the Buddhist distinction between what is universal and what is particular, especially in the context of its metaphysical views.

The universal, in Buddhist philosophy, is often associated with the characteristics that apply to all phenomena in the world. These universals include the impermanent and interdependent nature of all things, as well as the lack of an inherent, independent self (anatta). The universal in this context is not a substance or a permanent entity but is instead a way of understanding the shared aspects of all phenomena. Everything in existence, according to Buddhism, is constantly changing, and nothing exists independently of everything else. The universal nature of things is the recognition ____ _____ ___ ___ _____ ___.
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