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Natural science-based positivism in criminal justice research is an approach that emphasizes the application of scientific methods to study crime, criminals, and the functioning of the criminal justice system. Rooted in the principles of empiricism and objectivity, this perspective assumes that criminal behavior, like natural phenomena, can be observed, measured, and analyzed to discover underlying causes and patterns. Positivist criminology emerged as a reaction to classical theories that viewed ____ _______ _____ ___ _______.
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