Natural Science based positivism.
Criminal justice research and advocacy rooted in natural science-based positivism emerged during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, shaped by thinkers like Cesare Lombroso and Emile Durkheim. This approach sought to apply scientific methods to understand and address criminal behavior. Lombroso, for instance, proposed the idea of "born criminals" who exhibited physical and biological traits that predisposed them ________ _____ _________ _______ ____ ___ ______.
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