List the causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding refers to bleeding that occurs in the upper part of the digestive tract, specifically the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. It can present as hematemesis (vomiting blood), melena (black, tarry stools), or even hematochezia (fresh blood in stools). Various causes can lead to upper GI bleeding, which range from peptic ulcers to malignancies. In critical care nursing, understanding the causes of upper GI bleeding is essential for quick assessment, intervention, and stabilization of the patient. 

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