List the adverse effects of soil salinity and alkalinity.

Soil salinity and alkalinity have several adverse effects on the environment, agriculture, and natural ecosystems.

High salinity in soil can reduce the availability of water to plants, as salt disrupts the osmotic process that plants use to absorb water. This results in stunted plant growth, poor germination, and ultimately reduced agricultural productivity. Crops such as wheat, rice, and maize are ____ ______ ______ __________ ____.
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