In what ways was the Khilafat movement associated with the Non-cooperation movement? 

Mass Movements: Two mass movements were organized in 1919-1922 to oppose the British rule in India are the Khilafat movement and the Non-Cooperation movement.

The movements, despite having different issues, adopted a unified plan of action of non-violence and non-cooperation.

This time period saw the unification of Congress and the Muslim League. Many political demonstrations took place with the joint effort of both these parties.

Causes of the Movements: The following factors served as the background to the two movements:
Government Hostilities: The Rowlatt Act, the imposition of martial law in Punjab and the Jallianwalla Bagh massacre exposed the brutal and uncivilised face of the foreign rule.

The Hunter Commission on the Punjab atrocities proved to be eyewash.

The House of Lords (of the British Parliament) endorsed General Dyer’s action.

Discontented Indians: The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms with their ill- conceived scheme of Dyarchy failed to satisfy the rising demand of the Indians for self-government.

Economic Hardships: The economic situation of the country in the post-War years had become alarming with a rise in prices of commodities, decrease in production of Indian industries, increase in burden of taxes and rents etc.

Almost all sections of society suffered economic hardship due to the war and this strengthened the anti-British attitude.

Khilafat (Caliphate) Issue

Turkey’s Alliance against British: The Muslims all over the world, including India, regarded the sultan of Turkey as their spiritual leader, Khalifa (Caliph).

During the First World War, Turkey had allied with Germany and Austria against the British.

Discontented Indian Muslims: The Indian Muslims ______ ___ ________ ___ ___ ___ ___ ____ _______ _____.
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