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Reading is often described as a "psycholinguistic guessing game" because it involves an interactive and dynamic process where the reader uses a combination of psychological processes and linguistic knowledge to make predictions, confirm hypotheses, and construct meaning from a text. This concept was popularized by Kenneth Goodman, who argued that reading is not a passive decoding of individual letters and words but an active process of guessing, sampling, predicting, and confirming, influenced by the reader’s prior knowledge, language proficiency, and cognitive strategies. In the context of teaching strategies, particularly in English language classrooms, this concept has significant implications for how reading is taught and what skills need to be developed in learners. The idea of reading as a guessing game underscores that learners do not process every word or letter but rather sample cues from the text and combine them with their background knowledge to predict meaning. This makes reading a top-down process as much as a bottom-up one. In a bottom-up process, learners decode letters and words to understand meaning. In contrast, the top-down process involves using prior knowledge, context, and syntactic structures to anticipate what comes next. Effective reading integrates both. One of the key components of this guessing game is the learner’s prior knowledge or schemata. Schemata refer to organized knowledge structures stored in the memory. Readers activate these schemata when they approach a text, enabling them to make sense of what they read by relating it to what they already know. For instance, if a student reads a story about a picnic, and they have personal experience with picnics, they can draw upon that knowledge to predict what might happen in the story, recognize vocabulary related to food or outdoor activities, and understand the sequence of events more easily. In addition to background knowledge, learners must _____ _______ ________ _____ ________ ______ ________.
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