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Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are peptide hormones that play a critical role in growth, development, and metabolic regulation. IGF signaling primarily occurs through binding to the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), a receptor tyrosine kinase, initiating multiple intracellular signaling pathways. Upon IGF binding, IGF-1R undergoes autophosphorylation at specific tyrosine residues, creating docking sites for intracellular adaptor proteins such as insulin receptor substrates (IRS). These IRS proteins ________ ________ _______ ______ ________.
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