Identify the constituents of national income in three phases-production, income and expenditure. Which methods are used to estimate national income of India.

National Income: Constituents and Methods of Estimation

National income is the total monetary value of all final goods and services produced within a country during a specific period, typically a year. To understand the constituents of national income, it is crucial to examine it through the three interrelated phases: production, income, and expenditure. Furthermore, estimating national income accurately requires the application of specific methods. Below, the constituents in each phase and the methods used for national income estimation in India are elaborated.

### Constituents of National Income in Three Phases

1. Production Phase (Value-Added Approach)  
   This phase focuses on the production of goods and services in the economy. It considers the contribution of different sectors to national income and emphasizes the gross value added by each industry. Key constituents in this phase are:  
   - Primary Sector: Includes agriculture, forestry, fishing, and mining. This sector deals with natural resource exploitation and constitutes a significant part of national income, especially in developing economies like India.  
   - Secondary Sector: Comprises manufacturing, construction, and utilities (electricity, water, and gas supply). This sector transforms raw materials from the primary sector into finished goods.  
   - Tertiary Sector: Encompasses services like banking, education, healthcare, trade, transportation, and communication. This sector's share in national income often grows with economic development.  

   In the production phase, the national income is calculated as the sum of the value added at each stage of production across all sectors, avoiding double _______ ______ ___ _________ ___.
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