Hypothesis testing.

Hypothesis testing in financial economics is a statistical method used to assess the validity of a claim or assumption about a financial variable or model. It involves formulating two competing hypotheses: the null hypothesis (H₀) and the alternative hypothesis (H₁). The null hypothesis typically represents the assumption of no effect, no relationship, or no difference, while the alternative hypothesis represents the assumption _____ ________ ___ ________ ______ __________.
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