How will you clinically differentiate causes of bleeding in early pregnancy?

Bleeding in early pregnancy is a common concern that requires careful clinical evaluation to differentiate between various causes. The timing, pattern, and associated symptoms of the bleeding play a crucial role in making the diagnosis. Some of the common causes of bleeding in early pregnancy include miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, implantation bleeding, and cervical changes. Here's how these causes can be differentiated clinically:

1. Miscarriage (Spontaneous Abortion): A miscarriage is one of the most frequent causes of bleeding in early pregnancy, occurring in about 10-20% of recognized pregnancies. The clinical features typically include:

   • Bleeding pattern: It can start as light spotting or heavy bleeding, often with passing ________ ______ ____ __________ ____ ______ ___ _____ ______ _____ __________ __________.
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