How melanins (brown pigments) are formed during food processing? Explain.

Melanins are natural pigments responsible for the coloration of various tissues in animals, plants, and even some microorganisms. They play essential roles in protecting organisms from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation and oxidative stress. While melanins are primarily associated with skin, hair, and eye color in humans and animals, their formation can also occur during food processing, particularly in certain types of foods.

During food processing, melanin formation can occur through a process called enzymatic browning. This process is initiated when certain enzymes, such as polyphenol oxidases (PPOs), come _____ ______ _______ ___ ________ _____ ____ ________ ______ __________.
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