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Motherhood has traditionally been understood as the biological and social role of a woman who bears and raises her child. Historically, this definition intertwined physical gestation, childbirth, and nurturing responsibilities into a single, culturally reinforced concept. Motherhood was almost universally linked to a woman’s capacity to conceive and carry a child, creating a strong connection between the physical body and social recognition of motherhood. However, with the advent and increasing use of reproductive technologies, this classical understanding of motherhood is undergoing profound redefinition. These technologies, including in vitro fertilization (IVF), surrogacy, egg and sperm donation, and gestational carriers, challenge the idea that motherhood is inherently tied to biological reproduction or gestational experience. In vitro fertilization has been one of the most revolutionary reproductive technologies in redefining motherhood. IVF allows eggs to be fertilized outside the woman’s body, enabling women with fertility challenges to conceive. In some cases, embryos created through IVF are implanted in the biological mother, reinforcing the traditional connection between genetic motherhood and gestational experience. However, IVF also permits the use of donor eggs or sperm, which separates genetic motherhood from gestational motherhood. A woman may carry and give birth to a child without sharing genetic material, or she may provide the egg but have another woman carry the pregnancy. This decoupling of genetic and gestational motherhood introduces new forms of maternal identity and challenges societal assumptions about what it means to be a mother. Surrogacy further complicates the conventional understanding of motherhood. In traditional surrogacy, __________ _______ ______ ______ ______ __________ _________ ____ ___ _______.
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