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Formulating a research topic into a research problem is a critical step in the research process because it transforms a broad area of interest into a precise and manageable issue that can be systematically investigated. The process begins with identifying a general topic that aligns with the researcher’s interests, expertise, and the field of study. At this stage, the researcher surveys existing literature, observes current trends, and reflects on gaps in knowledge. A good topic should be significant, relevant, and feasible, providing a foundation for generating questions that have potential practical or theoretical implications. Once a general topic is chosen, the next step involves narrowing it down to a specific area. Broad topics are often too expansive to study directly, so the researcher refines the scope by considering aspects such as population, context, time frame, or phenomena. For instance, instead of studying "education," a researcher may focus on "the impact of digital tools on primary school mathematics learning." This narrowing process often involves preliminary reading, informal discussions with experts, ________ ____ ________ ________ _____ ________ _________ _________ __________.
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