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Modern historians have approached the study of state formation during the Delhi Sultanate period with a focus on understanding the structural, administrative, economic, and socio-political mechanisms that facilitated the consolidation of power in northern India from the early 13th century to the late 15th century. Their perspective emphasizes the Sultanate not merely as a collection of rulers or dynasties but as an evolving political structure that integrated various regional, social, and economic elements into a centralized framework. Unlike earlier colonial historians who often portrayed the period as a phase of political despotism or mere conquest-driven expansion, modern scholars adopt a nuanced approach that considers institutional development, revenue administration, military organization, and the interplay of local elites in shaping the polity. One key area where modern historians have contributed is the analysis of the administrative apparatus. They recognize that the Delhi Sultanate developed a systematic bureaucracy that combined elements of Central Asian models with indigenous Indian practices. The Sultanate rulers relied on a hierarchy of officers, including the wazir (chief minister), muhtasib (market and moral regulator), and the iqta’ system, which involved granting revenue rights over land to military officers in exchange for service. Historians like _________ ________ _________ ___ ______ _____ _____ _____ __________ ____ __________.
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