How have the modern historians looked at the state formation during the Delhi Sultanate period? Elaborate.

The state formation during the Delhi Sultanate period is a complex and multi-faceted topic that modern historians have approached from various perspectives. This period, spanning from the early 13th century to the early 16th century, marked a crucial phase in Indian history. It was a time of significant political, social, and cultural transformations. The Delhi Sultanate, established by successive Turkish dynasties, brought about substantial changes in the Indian political landscape, which modern historians have analyzed through various lenses, including political, administrative, military, and socio-cultural dimensions.

### The Rise of the Delhi Sultanate

The Delhi Sultanate was established in 1206 by Qutb-ud-Din Aibak after the defeat of the last Hindu rulers of Delhi and the conquest of northern India by the Ghurid Empire. This marked the beginning of Muslim rule in India, a process that evolved over several centuries. Modern historians, especially those of the 19th and 20th centuries, have debated the nature of state formation during this period, looking at both the continuity and change in the political structures of the Indian subcontinent.

The initial phase of the Delhi Sultanate was characterized by a fragmented political landscape. The Indian subcontinent, prior to the rise of the Sultans, was divided into numerous regional kingdoms, each with its own system of governance. The introduction of _____ ____ ______ __________ _____ __________.
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