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Mahatma Gandhi was a profound critic of modernity and Western civilization, and his views stemmed from his broader philosophical outlook, which emphasized simplicity, self-reliance, moral discipline, and spiritual well-being over material progress. In his seminal work *Hind Swaraj* (1909), Gandhi presents a scathing critique of modern Western civilization, which he viewed as inherently materialistic, morally degrading, and spiritually hollow. He believed that Western civilization placed undue emphasis on industrialization, consumerism, and technological advancement at the cost of ethical values, human dignity, and harmonious living. Gandhi argued that ___ _______ __________ _________ __________ ____ __________ _________ __________ __________ ________.
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