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The intersection of caste and gender in Indian society creates a deeply entrenched system of oppression that significantly shapes the lives, opportunities, and social positions of individuals, particularly women from marginalized castes. Caste and gender are both hierarchical and discriminatory systems that, when intersecting, result in compounded disadvantages. While gender inequalities affect women across caste lines, Dalit, Adivasi, and other marginalized caste women experience unique forms of oppression that are qualitatively different from those experienced by upper-caste women or men of their own caste. In the Indian context, caste is a system of social stratification based on birth, which assigns individuals into rigid hierarchical groups. Gender, on the other hand, refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women. When caste and gender intersect, the discrimination faced by women becomes multi-layered, with caste-based inequalities amplifying gender-based subjugation. Caste and gender interact in several domains of life — family structure, labor, sexuality, access to resources, and political participation. One of the most significant intersections is the control of sexuality and reproduction of women from lower castes by upper-caste structures. Historically, upper-caste Hindu society has maintained its “purity” through endogamy — the practice of marrying within one's caste. This has resulted in strict control over the sexuality of upper-caste women to ensure caste lineage, while the bodies of lower-caste women have often been sites of sexual violence and exploitation. This form of caste-gender violence was institutionalized through systems like the Devadasi system and practices in feudal societies where Dalit women were sexually exploited by dominant caste landlords. Sexual violence against Dalit women continues in contemporary India. The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) reports consistently high instances of sexual _____ _______ ____ ______ __________ _____ __________.
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