How do the interactions between the substrate and adsorbate atoms determine the growth mode of thin films? Describe the various modes of thin film growth.
The interactions between the substrate and adsorbate atoms are critical in determining the growth mode of thin films. These interactions involve the balance between the adsorbate-adsorbate bonding energy and the adsorbate-substrate bonding energy. If the adsorbate atoms have a stronger attraction to the substrate than to each other, they tend to spread out over the surface, leading to layer-by-layer growth. Conversely, if the adsorbate atoms bond __________ _______ _____ ___ _______.
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The enthalpy of vacancy formation in nickel is , and its melting point is
. What is the equilibrium vacancy concentration in nickel at
?
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