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The transformation from rural and agricultural societies to urban and industrial economies during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries profoundly influenced the development of social welfare systems in both the United States and Canada. Industrialization brought rapid economic growth, urban expansion, technological innovation, and increased employment opportunities. At the same time, it created severe social problems such as poverty, unemployment, overcrowded housing, poor sanitation, child labour, industrial accidents, and unequal access to education and healthcare. These challenges highlighted the need for organized social welfare measures and laid the foundation for the professional development of social work. In the United States, the Industrial Revolution attracted millions of immigrants and rural populations to rapidly growing cities. Urban centres experienced overcrowding, slums, disease ____ ______ ________ _____ _______ ___ _____ _________ ______ ___ __________ ___.
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