Highlight the salient features of different schools in folklore studies.

The study of folklore encompasses the exploration of traditional customs, tales, songs, rituals, and cultural expressions passed down through generations. Over time, scholars have developed diverse theoretical frameworks and schools of thought to understand and analyze folklore. These schools reflect varied methodological approaches, cultural contexts, and intellectual traditions. Below are the salient features of the major schools in folklore studies:

1. The Historical-Geographical School

Originating in the 19th century, this school, also known as the Finnish method, focused on tracing the origins and diffusion of folklore texts, particularly oral narratives.

• Key Features:
  • Historical Reconstruction: It aimed to reconstruct the original version of a folklore text by comparing its various versions across time and space.
  • Diffusion Theory: Emphasized the migration and dissemination of folklore elements across cultures and geographic regions.
  • The Archive Tradition: Utilized vast collections of folklore, especially in countries like Finland and Estonia, for comparative analysis.
  • Lasse Lönnrot and the Kalevala: Lönnrot’s compilation of Finland’s national epic serves as a hallmark of this approach, illustrating how folklore could be pieced together from scattered oral traditions.
  • Limitations: Critics argued that it overlooked the socio-cultural context of folklore and focused excessively on origins rather than function or meaning.

2. The Anthropological School

This school emerged with the rise of cultural anthropology in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, focusing on folklore as an integral part of cultural systems.

• Key Features:
  • Functionalism: Influenced by Bronisław Malinowski and A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, this approach examined how folklore serves societal functions, such as reinforcing norms, teaching values, or resolving conflicts.
  • Holistic Perspective: Viewed folklore in the context of the larger cultural framework, emphasizing its role in maintaining cultural continuity.
  • Participant Observation: Anthropologists like Franz Boas collected folklore through immersive fieldwork, ______ _________ ___ _______ ____ _____ _______ ____ ______ _______.
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