Highlight some salient features of Substantive reason.

Salient feat substantive reason  of constitutional transformation in South Africa is what Etienne Mureinik called the shift towards a culture of justification, in which ‘every exercise of power is expected to be justified’

.1 He argued that within such a culture, constitutional rights ‘are standards of justification — standards against which to measure the justification of the decisions challenged under them’.

2 The notion of justification as central to constitutional democracy in South Africa has been developed further by a number of scholars. Alfred Cockrell was one of the first to assess the ‘value-based nature of constitutional adjudication’ emerging from the Constitutional Court's early jurisprudence.

3 Cockrell’s basic argument is that ‘the explicit intrusion of constitutional values into the adjudicative process signals a transition from a “formal vision of law” to a “substantive vision of law” in South Africa’ in terms of which judges are ‘required to engage with “substantive reasons” in the form of moral and political values’ as opposed to the ‘formal reasons’ that characterised pre-constitutional adjudication.

4 Subsequently, in hiswell-known 1998 article, Karl Klare coined the phrase transformative ___ __________ ___ ______ _____ _______ ___ ________ _______ ___ ________.
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